Education & Research

 By: Dr. Hafiz Kosar             I.                              Introduction to Structural Adjustment                                                                                Structural adjustment represents one of the most significant economic policy frameworks imposed on developing nations in the late 20th century. Emerging in response to the debt crises of the 1970s and 1980s, structural adjustment programs (SAPs) were designed by international financial institutions—primarily the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank—to stabilize faltering economies, reduce fiscal deficits, and promote long-term growth through market-orien...

 By Dr. Hafiz Kosar Why Cultural Diversity and Inclusion in Education Matter More Than Ever     Imagine a classroom where every student—regardless of their background—feels seen, heard, and valued. A place where differences in culture, language, and identity aren’t just tolerated but celebrated as strengths. This is the power of cultural diversity and inclusion in education—it transforms schools into vibrant spaces of learning, empathy, and unity.       In today’s interconnected world, education must go beyond textbooks and tests. It should prepare students to thrive in a multicultural society by fostering respect, curiosity, and collaboration. When schools embrace diversity, students gain more than just knowledge—they develop the emotional intelligence and open-mindedness needed to navigate an increasingly globalized future.         But inclusion doesn’t happen by accident. It requires intentional efforts—fro...