Education & Research

  Historical Overview of Adult literacy Programs Dr. Hafiz Kosar Concepts such as ‘adult education’, ‘lifelong learning’, ‘adult literacy’, and ‘non-formal education’ are often used interchangeably, leading to potential confusion. While each term has its own nuances, they share overlapping elements that contribute to the misunderstanding. Adult education is frequently equated with ‘continuing education’, further blurring the distinctions. According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCE), adult education encompasses both formal and non-formal learning approaches. These approaches can vary significantly in content, level, and teaching-learning methods. This system can serve as either a substitute for or a continuation of initial education, thereby providing flexibility in learning pathways. UNESCO (1997) articulates that adult education refers to the comprehensive range of ongoing learning processes, whether formal or informal, through which individu...

  Lesson planning and instructional design are both crucial components in the education process, but they serve different purposes and have distinct focuses. You can see detailed breakdown of their differences:   Lesson Planning Scope: (range of something, including its boundaries, limits, and dimensions) Focused on Individual Lessons: Lesson planning is concerned with the details of a single lesson or a short series of lessons. Day-to-Day Planning: It involves planning for daily classroom activities and instructions. Components: - Learning objectives, activities and methods, timing and assessment Purpose: To provide a roadmap for teachers to deliver effective and coherent instruction. To ensure that the lesson runs smoothly and that all necessary materials and activities are prepared.  Instructional Design Scope: Broader Focus: Instructional design is a comprehensive approach that covers the design, development, implementation, and evaluation of entire educational ...